You could check out this:
https://hyperbolit.com/2020/07/04/how-to-write-literary-analysis-well-its-not-as-hard-as-you-may-think/You don't need to know every term or read the entirety of the example poem to get the gist of it.
I think as long as you know what a metaphor is and are familiar with basic symbolism within a culture (e. g. lilies mean lesbians when you watch yuri anime) you've got the most important basics down. Everything else comes down to what kind of media you want to analyse. (You probably won't need to know about cadence and meters outside of poetry.)
You could try to read through every literary device on this list
https://literarydevices.net/ but I wouldn't recommend it. It's kinda tedious and if the devices lack context that's interesting to you, the information probably won't stick.
I don't need to know what the word alliteration means to think that it's funny that every character in OreGairu has their first and last name starting with the same letter, but it's faster and fancier (and maybe funnier) to say "alliteration names".
Often enough, historical and cultural contexts are more important to really understand a piece of fiction.
Like, it's a lot easier to understand what's going on in the anime Yuri Kuma Arashi when you understand that in the story, the space bears who cross the invisible wall and disguise themselves as humans to eat humans actually represent sexually active lesbians that want to have sex with women which is seen as inherently predatory by a system of enforced norms that ostracises them (invisible wall). Not all stories are so steeped in symbolism that they become incoherent if you lack the cultural context, but they're out there and not even that rare in spirit if you consider that memes are also hard to understand without context (I don't actually want to explain skibidi to my mum though).
Anyway, I think it can't hurt to critically engage with works you love and gain more understanding of literary analysis over the course of that.
If you want to go into writing, there are tons of resources and writing courses out there too although there are things to look out for there as well (
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